High surface hiding pigment material and process of making the same



I the surface of paper.

Patented Sept. 22, 1942 HIGH SURFACE RIDING PIGMENT MATE- RIAL AND PROCESS OF MAKING THE SAME Marion L. Hanalian, Wilmington, DeL, assignor to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing.

Application February 2, 1939,

Serial No. 254,161 21 Claims. (01. 106-294) This invention relates to the art of pigment materials. More particularly it relates to the improvement of the properties of white pigment materials. Still more particularly it relates to the improvement of the hiding power of zinc sulfide pigments in fiat paint formulations, paper coating compositions, etc.

Zinc sulfide pigments such as pigment zinc sulfide, lithopone which comprises about 30% zinc sulfide and about 70% barium sulfate, high zinc sulfidev lithopone which comprises about 50% zinc sulfide and about 50% barium sulfate, titanated lithopone which comprises about 85% lithopone and about pigment titanium dioxide, and the like, are used extensively in flat paint formulations. It is commonly believed in the art that the hiding and brightening power of the aforementioned zinc sulfide pigments when used in coating compositions, which compositions are to be applied to wood, metal, paper, linoleum, oilcloth, and the like, or when used as fillers in paper, rubber, and the like, is dependent entirely upon the index of refraction, color, and ultimate particle size of said pigments. I have discovered, however, that such is not the case. While such properties as index of refraction, color, and ultimate particles size do exert an effect, I have found that when the pigment is used in certain compositions, such as fiat paint formulations and casein and starch paper coating compositions, and when used as a filler such as a paper filler, its hiding power is dependent to a certain extent on-pigment oil absorption and to a remarkable and hitherto unrealized extent on.

a property which I call surface hiding power." Pigments having the property of high surface hiding power are of tremendous industrial importance. Such pigments have particularly high hiding power in flat paint formulations, and as a result, can be considered to have high flat hiding power in such formulations. Furthermore, they have high opacifying power in paper, and in starch and casein coating compositions applied to" As a matter of fact, I have discovered that pigments having the property of high surface hiding power produce high hiding, opacifying and/or brightening in all pigmentadhesive systems in which the mean index of refraction of the adhesive system is substantially lower than 1.5. A sheet of paper, for example,

can be considered to be an adhesive comprising essentially paper fiber having an index of refraction of approximately 1.53 and air of index of refraction of 1. The mean index of refraction of said adhesive is substantially lower than 1.5 and white pigments therein having high surface hiding power are definitely better opacifying and brightening agents than are comparable prior art pigments of essentially equalindex of refraction, color, andv ultimate particle size. Again, flat paint films, in which I have found high surface hiding pigments to be so effective, comprise numerous void spaces and/or pigment-air interfaces. As a consequence, the effective mean index of refraction of the adhesive portion is substantially lower than that of the binder portion, e. g. is substantially lower than 1.5. However, I have discovered that in pigment-adhesive systems in which the effective mean index of refraction of the adhesive approximates or exceeds 1.5, such as enamel paint films in which the pigment is essentially immersed in the binder, the property of high surface hiding power does not influence the hiding power of a pigment.

In my co-pending application Serial No. 244,571 filed December 8, 1938, I have disclosed a process whereby the property of high surface hiding power may be imparted to zinc sulfide and other high index of refraction pigment materials. Said process broadly comprises forming on the surface of the pigment materials a gel-like structure of silica by reacting a water soluble silicate with an acid in an aqueous suspension of the pigment material. While said process provides pigments having the hitherto unknown property of high surface hiding power and produces pigment materials, especially zinc sulfide pigments having markedly higher hiding power in flat paint formulations and markedly higher opacifying and brightening power in paper coating compositions and when employed as paper fillers, than any prior art pigment material, the products of said process have been found deficient in certain instances in that when employed in oleaginous flat paint compositions containing small amounts of water said pigment materials provide paints which are too thick for normal use, i. e., said pigment materials are highly water sensitive.

For a better understanding of the characteristics desired in pigment materials used in fiat paint formulations, it will benecessary to explain the various terms used herein and the methods of testing employed.

Flat paint formulation A flat paint formulation produces a dry paint film in which the binder portion is insuilicient to fill all void spaces between pigment particles 1 and which in consequence has a micro rough surface of relatively low specular reflection. Such a-paint has a pigmentation in excess of about 40% by volume on the dry film and usually in I excess of about 50% by volume.

on the other hand, an enamel paint formulation produces a dry paint film in which the binder portion is suflicient to fill essentially all void spaces between pigment particles and which in consequence has a micro smooth surface of relatively high specular reflection. Such a paint has a pigmentation of less than about by volume on the dry film and usually less than about 30% by volume.

Hiding power Chemical Examination of Paints, varnishes,

Lacquers and Colors, 8th edition, January 1,

In this test the paints being studied are painted 4 out on a surface on which a design of concentric light and dark diamonds is printed. The light and dark bands are /2" wide. Their lightness factors are 75% and 40% respectively. The area of the surface is one square foot. It is printed on heavy paper and then coated with a' nitrocellulose lacquer. In applying the paint a 20 cubic centimeter Luer type glass syringe filled with the paint, and the brush, also filled with the paint, are weighed together. The paint is spread uniformly over the chart with the syringe and then spread with the brush. The syringe and brush are again weighed. Several brushouts, for

example, six or eight, are made with a paint selected as the standard, beginning with five to seven cubic centimeters of paint and increasing the amount in increments of 0.5 to 1.0 cubic centimeter. The application of the paint by volume is merely a guide. The actual weight of the paint applied, as determined 'by the difierence in weight of the syringe and brush before and after application, is used in the calculation. Two or three brushouts of the paints to be compared are then prepared with different quantities of paint such as 6, '7, and 8 cubic centimeters.

When dry, the brushouts are numbered consecutively in the order of increasing quantity of paint for identification. The sample brushouts are then located with respect to their degree of hiding by placing each of them between refercated 0.4 of an interval between standards No. 2 and No. 3.

The hiding power of a paint is calculated as follows:

volume of standard paint volume of sample paint when the volume of standard paint is that required to give the same contrast as that given by the volume of sample paint.

Hiding power= X The following is a specific example of a hiding 0 power determination made by this method:

Weight of standard paint per gal lbs 15'. 69

Weight of sample paint per gal lbs 13. 54 Brushout of sample g 5. 40 Brushout of standard 1 g 6. 50 Brushout of standard 2 g 7. 40 Sample rating 1.4

Hence, weight of standard paint of equivalent hiding is:

The volume of which is:

The volume of the sample is:

The relative hiding power of the sample is:

Pigment flat hiding power Strictly speaking, the expression hiding power should only be applied to paint formulae, 1. e. to mixtures of pigment and vehicle. Nevertheless, pigments may be said to possess potential hiding power and the potential hiding power of a pigment in a fiat paint formulation may be considered to be its fiat hiding power. This fiat hiding power is defined as follows:

=3.64 cubic centimeters 3.32 cubic centimeters F. H. P.= Wt. standard pigment per uni t vol. sa ndar d paint Wt. sample pigment per unit vol. sample paint in which F. H. P. is the flat hiding power of the sample pigment and H. P. is the hiding power of the sample fiat paint as determined by the hereinbefore described Krebs dry film incomplete hiding power procedure.

Oil absorption Oil absorption is the amount of oil in grams required to wet 100 grams of pigment.

The method of testing is described on pages 540-541 of Gardner's above cited book.

A five gram sample is used. Acid refined linseed oil of acid number 12.5 is added slowly from a burette and worked into the pigment with a spatula on a smooth glass plate. The addition of oil is continued a drop or two at a. time until the pigment can be collected in one coherent mass adhering to the spatula but not wetting the glass.

The amount of oil used to wet the pigment is read 5 from the burette.

This invention has as an object the produc tion of pigment materials of high surface hiding power. A further object is the production of pigment materials having high surface hiding power and low water sensitivity. A still further object is to increase the flat hiding power of white pigment materials employed in fiat paints. A still further object is to provide zinc sulfide pigments having hitherto unrealized high flat hiding power and low water sensitivity. A still further object is to increase the opacifying and brightening power of zinc sulfide pigments employed as paper fillers and in paper coating. A

.still further object is to increase the oil absorpsilicate on the particles of said pigment material,

dewatering the pigment material suspension and drying the pigment material without calcination.

In a more restricted sense this invention comprises mixing with an aqueous suspension of a zinc sulfide pigment between about 0.25% and about calculated as S10: and based on the weight of the .pigment before treatment, of a water soluble silicate. After the slurry has been agitated sufliciently to insure uniform distribution of the dissolved silicate, a water soluble salt of a polyvalent metal is added in an amount corresponding to from about 0.08 to about 4 gram equivalents of metallic ion per mole of S102 in the previously added dissolved silicate, thereby forming a coating of a polyvalent metal silicate on the surface,of the zinc sulfide pigment particles. Examples of water soluble salts of polyvalent metals useful in my novel process include the water soluble salts of calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, aluminum, strontium, beryllium, cadmium, and the like. The slurry is subsequently dewatered and the pigment dried without calcination. v

The preferred embodiment of this invention comprises mixing with an aqueous suspension of a zinc sulfide pigment, preferably an aqueous suspension of a wet milled calcined lithopone, comprising in excess of about 250 grams pigment per liter, between about 0.35% and about 1.5%, calculated as $10: and based upon the weight of the pigment before treatment, of a water soluble sodium silicate. After the slurry has been agitated sufilciently to insure uniform distributionof the added agent, an aqueous calcium chloride-solution is added in an amount corresponding to from about 1 to about 2 gram equivalents of calcium per mole of $102 in the added sodium silicate. Subsequently the slurry is dewatered, as by filtering, and the pigment dried at a temperature between about 110 C. and about 175 C.

The following examples are given for illustrative purposes and are not intended to place any restrictions or limitations on the herein described invention.

Example I cient to insure uniform distribution, sodium car- 15 bonate solution was added. to each until the slurries reached a pH of 9.0. "Further agitation of the suspensions was continued. The slurries were heated to above 50 0., which heating aids in the removal of, water "soluble salts and hastens the filtration, and then dried at 140 C. The resulting pigments were dry milled by passage through a squirrel case disintegrator, to provide pigment samples designated as Samples A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I,Jand K. I

Evaluation of the pigments so prepared by my novel process showed that they possessed the following properties:

Percent Percent Sodium calcium silicate chloride Gram f PM added added uiva- (calculated (calculated hits "a? sample as 510, on as CaGh ow n t i o. A. the basis of on the baadded per 4 the pigsis of the mole 8 O: 1 3 ment pigment n weight) weight) From the above table, it is demonstrated that the hiding power in a flat paint formulation increases with increased silicate treatment up to a maximum of about 1%, calculated as SiOz on the basis of the pigment weight, and that the amount of calcium added, above that neces- Example II Sodium silicate solution containing 23.5% S102 and having a SiOz:Naz0 ratio of 3.8:1 was added to 5 slurry of wet milled calcined lithopone, having a concentration of 400 grams pigment per liter, in the amount of 0.7% S102 on the basis of the dry weight of the untreated lithopone. After thorough mixing, a solution of aluminum sulfate in the amount of 0.53% calculated as A12(S04)3 was added. The suspension was agitated for one half hour, and barium hydroxide solution added to pH 8.0. The pigment was filtered, dried at 120 C. and dry milled by passage through a squirrel cage disintegrator. The fiat hiding power of the treated pigment was 25% greater than that of the untreated pigment, when tested in a representative fiat paint formulation.

Example III Sodium silicate solution containing 23.5% S102 and having a siOzzNazo ratio of 3.8:1 was added to a slurry containingAOO grams of wet milled calcined lithopone per liter, in the amount of 0.7% S102 on the basis of -the lithopone dry weight. After being agitated sufiiciently to insure even distribution of the sodium silicate, barium chloride solution in the amount of 0.755% calculated as BaClz, was added to the slurry which was again agitated. Sodium carbonate solution was added to the slurry until the pH reached 9.0. After filtration, drying, and dry the like.

milling this product, the pigment was found have a flat hiding power in a representative flat paint formulation 30% greater than untreated lithopone.

Eaianiple 'I V that of the j Sodium silicatesolution containing 23.5% S:

sentative fiat paint formulation, this product yielded a flat hiding power 30% greater than the untreated lithopone.

It is to be understood that the hereinbefore described specific embodiments of my invention may be subjected to variations and modifications without departing from the scope of this invention. For instance, while the invention has been described with particular application to the treatment of lithopone, the treatment of other types of pigment materials is also contemplated. Accordingly, the term "pigment material as employed herein and in the appended claims includes white pigment materials such as zinc sulfldefpigments, titanates of divalent metals, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide, 2 white lead, and the like, comprising prime white chrome yellow, basic zinc chromate, chrome red, chrome orange, chrome green, barium chromate,

iron blue, earth colors such as iron oxide, and

Moreover, the term zinc sulfide,pigment" as employed herein and inthe appended claims includes not only lithopone, but also those pigment materials such as pigment zinc sulfide, high zinc sulfide lithopone, titanated lithopone,

and the like, comprising substantial amounts of pigment zinc sulfide, whose pigment properties have been developed by calcination, autoclaving, or othertreatment, as by the processes of U. S. Patents 1,704,483, 1,977,583, 2,006,259, and the like.

It is further to be understood that in the case of such pigment materials as the lithopone product of U. S. Patent 1,704,483, and the like, which are calcined during the process of manufacture of said pigment materials, the treating agent is added to the calcined pigment material and not to the pigment material before the calcining operation, i. e. it is to be understood that the pigment material'should not be calcined after addition of the treating agent.

. It is still further tobe understood that the treating agent employed may be a solution of one or any combination of water soluble sillcates, such as water soluble silicates of sodium,

potassium, rubidium, cesium, and the like. How; ever, because of the'superior results obtained therewith, the silicate solutions which I prefer to employ are those of the water soluble sodium silicates, preferably a sodium silicate having an 510::Naa0 ratio of about 3.8:1 by weight. a

It is still further to be understood that any water soluble salt. of a polyvalent metal may be employed as precipitant. Examples of said salts include the water soluble salts of beryllium,

magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zinc,

cadmium, and aluminum, and thelike. It islto be understood that the term water soluble as used herein and in the appended claims refers to salts which are soluble in water at C. to the extent of not less than about 2 grams per liter. On account of the superior results obtained therei with the water soluble salts which I prefer to employ are those of calcium, for example, calcium bromate, calcium bromide, calcium chlorate, calcium perchlorate, calcium chloride, calcium hypochlorite, calcium nitrate, calcium nitrite, calcium hypophosphite, calcium selenate, calcium bisulfite, calcium thiocarbonate, calcium dithionate, calcium thiosulfate, and the like. Moreover, because of its superiority as a precipitant in my novel process, and because of the superior product obtained therewith, the calcium salt which I prefer to employ is calcium chloride.

In most instances, I prefer to add the water soluble silicate to a pigment material suspension comprising not less than about 200 grams and preferably not less than about 250 grams of .pigment material per liter and, thereafter,; to

precipitatethe silica as a polyvalent metal silicate on the pigment material particles by subsequent addition of the precipitant, i. e., the water soluble salt of a polvvalent metal. However, I may practicethe herein described invention by addition of the water soluble silicate solution to the pigmentmaterial suspension after the addition of the precipitant, although on account of the ease of manipulation and the superior results ordinarily obtained thereby. I usually prefer to add' the precipitant after the addition of "the soluble silicate solution. After the precipitation of the silicate on the pigment material particles has occurred, I have found it desirable to adjust the pH of the pigment material suspenmental trial and the amount will vary with the treating agent, the type and previous history of the pigment material, the concentration of the pigment material slurry, and the properties desired in the finished pigment material. With the agents which I have found most satisfactory, viz., sodium silicates, a preciable effects are had by addition of the silicate in an amount corresponding to as little as about 0.25%, and in an amount equivalent to as high as about 10%, calcates higher than about 10%, calculated as SiOz,

result in'decreased surface hiding power.

The optimum amount of precipitant required in my process can best be learned by experimental trial and the amount will vary with the precipitant employed, the type and previous his- -tory of the pigment material, the concentration of the pigment material slurry, and the properties desired in the finished pigment material. I have discovered that it is essential that said precipitant should beadded in an amount corresponding to not less than about 0.08 gram equivalent metallic ion per mole S102 added as water soluble silicate, in order to develop maximum surface hiding power characteristics of the 5 the hereinbefore described pigment flat hiding power test, in a flat paint composition comprising 25.8% pigment material by volume, 25.92% 50 gal. limed rosin varnish, 4.18% acid refined linseed oil of acid number 5, and 44.1% petroleused in flat paint formulations imparts heretoresultant pigment material. Furthermore, addition of said amount of precipitant produces a pigment material of lowwater sensitivity.- Increasing the amount of precipitant added, provides a pigment material of still further decreased water sensitivity, but-effects no substantial increase in the pigment material surface hiding power. Pigment materials of minimum water sensitivity are had when the precipitant is added in an amount corresponding to about 4 gram equivalents metallic ion per mole of S102. While it is to be understood that I may practice my invention employing a precipitant in an amount corresponding to more than about 4 gram equivalents of metallic ion per mole of 310:, adding said precipitant in an amount greater than about 4 gram equivalents of metallic ion per mole of S102 neither increases nor decreases the water sensitivity of the resultant product to any substantial degree. In most instances, however, I prefer to add the precipitant in an amount corresponding to from about 1 to about-2 gram equivalents of metallic ion per mole of SiOz.

It is still further to be understood that drying of the pigment material coated with a polyvalent fore unrealized high hiding to the dry paint film. Such paint formulations are prepared at essentially the same cost and are far superior to flat paints hitherto manufactured. the high surface hiding pigment materials of my invention have low water sensitivity and hence permit the formulation of oleaginous coating compositions containing small percentages of water, without adversely affecting the brushing and flow characteristics of said compositions.

, Moreover, the novel pigment products of my inmetal silicate is an essential step in my novel process. -It is essential that the pigment should not be calcined after being coated with the sillcate. I have found it desirable to dry the pigment at a temperature not in excess of about 300 C. and preferably not in excess of about 200 C. Temperatures of less than about 100 C. should be avoided unless the pigment is dried at subatmospheric pressures.

The herein described process imparts to pigment materials the property of surface hiding power. Furthermore, it imparts to saidpigment material the properties of high oil absorption, high dry bulking value, and high flat hiding power. In addition, these produced according to the herein described invention have high opacifying and brightening power in paper and in coating compositions of casein, starch, and the like applied to the surface of paper.

Minor increases in surface hiding power are of little industrial importance. Therefore, the pigment materials produced according to my novel process as compared to prior art pigment materials have an increase of at least about 10% and preferably at least about 15% in fiat hiding power, oil absorption, and dry bulking value.

Further, the opacifying and brightening power of coatings of casein, starch, and the like when applied to paper, is increased at least about 10% and preferably at least about 15%.

It is to be understood that the increase in flat hiding power mentioned hereinbefore, refers to the percentage increase in flat hiding power of a treated pigment material as compared to the same pigment material before treatment by my novel process. This is determined according to vention, when employed as paper fillers or in compositions of starch, casein, glue, and the like, applied to the surface of paper, produce papers which are definitely superior in opacity and brightness as compared to those pigmented in an analogous manner with corresponding prior art pigment materials.

As many apparently widely different embodiments of this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that I do not limit myself to the specific embodiment except as defined in the appended claims.

Having described the present invention the following is claimed as new and useful:

1. A process for producing pigment materials of improved surface hiding power and low water sensitivity, which comprises mixing with an aqueous suspension of a pigment material a water soluble silicate and a water soluble salt of a polyvalent metal thereby precipitating the silica as a coating of a polyvalent metal silicate on the particles .of said pigment material, dewatering thev suspension and drying the pigment material without calcination.

2. A process for producing a zinc sulfide pigment of improved surface hiding power and low water sensitivity which comprises mixing a water soluble ,silicate with an aqueous suspension of a zinc sulfide pigment, thereafter adding to the slurry a water soluble salt of a. polyvalent metal and precipitating the silica as a coating of apolyvalent metal silicate on the particles of said pigment, and thereafter dewatering the slurry and drying the pigment without calcination.

3. A process for producing pigment materials of improved surface hiding power and low water sensitivity which comprises mixing with an aqueous suspension of a pigment material between about 0.25% and about "10%, calculated as $102 and based on the weight of the pigment material before treatment, of a water soluble silicate, thereafter adding to the slurry a water soluble salt of apolyvalent metal in an amount corresponding to not less than about 0.08 gram equivalent of metallic ion per mole of S102 previously added as water soluble silicate, dewatering said slurry and drying the pigment material at'a temperature not in excess of about 300 C.

4. A process for producing a zinc sulfide pigment of improved surface hiding power and low Furthermore water sensitivity which comprises mixing with an aqueous suspension of a zinc sulfide pigment between about 0.35% and about 1.5%, calculated as $102 and based on the weight of the pigment before treatment, of a water soluble silicate,

thereafter adding calcium chloride to the slurry in an amount corresponding to from about 1 gram equivalent to about 2 gram equivalents of calcium per mole of S: previously added as water soluble silicate, and subsequently dewatering the slurry and drying the pigment at a temperature calcium chloride as a precipitant, thereby forming an insoluble precipitate in the presence of the pigment, the precipitate being in amount I sufllcient to increase the hiding power of the pigment, and then filtering and drying the pigment without calcination. p

13. A process for producing a pigment of improved hiding power which comprises mixing with an aqueous slurry of pigment a water-soluble silicate, thereafter adding to the slurry aluminum sulfate as a precipitant, thereby formviously added as sodium silicate, dewatering said I slurry and drying the pigment at a temperature not in excess of about 300 C.

6. A pigment material of improved surface hiding power and low water sensitivity which comprises of pigment material coated with uncalcined polyvalent metal silicate.

7. A pigment material of improved surface hiding power and low water sensitivity which comprises a pigment material coated with uncalcined polyvalent metal silicate in an amount in the range of from about 0.25% to about 10%, calculated as SiOz and based on the weight of the pigment before treatment.

8. A pigment of improved surface hiding power and low water sensitivity which comprises a zinc sulfide pigment and between about 0.35% and about 1.5%, calculated as SiOz and based on the weight of the pigment before treatment, of a coating of uncalcined polyvalent metal silicate precipitated on the zinc sulfide pigment particles.

9. An improved pigment material comprising a pigment material coated with uncalcined polyvalent metal silicate, said improved pigment having at least,about 10% higher fiat hiding power than a comparable untreated pigment.

10. An improved zinc sulfide pigment whose particles are coated with between about 0.35% and about 1.5%, calculated as SiO2 and based on the weight of the pigment before treatment, of uncalcined polyvalent metal silicate, said improved zinc sulfide pigment having at least about 10% greater flat hiding power than'a similar pigment not coated with said polyvalent metal silisalts of polyvalent metals and water-soluble acids, thereby forming an insoluble precipitate in the presence of the pigment, the precipitate being in amount sufilcient to increase the hiding power of the pigment, and then filterin and 'drying the pigment without calcinati'on.

12. Aprocess for producing a pigment oflimproved hiding power which comprises mixing with an aqueous slurry of pigment a watersoluble silicate, thereafter adding to the slurry of the pigment before ing an insoluble precipitate in the presence of the pigment, the precipitate being in amount sufficient to increase the hiding power of the pigment, and then filtering and drying the pigmen without 'calcination.

14. A pigment of improved hiding power comprising a base pigment, and the reaction product of an alkali metal silicate and a soluble salt capable of precipitating the silicate in insoluble form, the amount of said reaction product ranging from about 0.25% to about 10%, calculated as $10: and based on the weight of the base pigment before treatment.

15. A pigment of improved hiding power comprising a base pigment of lithopone, and the reaction product of an alkali metal silicate and a soluble salt capable .of precipitating the silicate in insoluble form, the amount of said reaction product being in amount sufflcient to increase the hiding power of the pigment.

16. An improved pigment comprising pigment particles and the reaction productof a watersoluble silicateand a soluble salt capable of precipitating the silicate in insoluble form, the amount of said reaction product being suflicient to improve the pigment properties of the pigment.

17. A pigment of improved hiding power comprising lithopone and the reaction product of a water-solublesilicate and a soluble salt capable of precipitating the silicate in insoluble form, the amount of said reaction product ranging from about 0.25% to about 10%, calculated 'as $102 and based on the weight of the pigment before treatment.

18. A pigment of improved hiding power comprising a base pigment and the insoluble reaction product of sodium silicate and calcium chloride, the amount of said reaction product ranging from about 0.25% to about 10%, calculated as $102 and based on the weight of the pigmentbefore treatment.

19. A pigment of improved hiding power comprising a base pigment and the insoluble reaction product of sodium silicate and aluminum sulfate, the amount of said reaction product ranging from about 0.25% to about 10%, calculated as SiOz and based on the weight of the pigment before treatment.

20. A pigment of improved hiding power comprising lithopone intimately associated with the precipitated reaction product of sodium silicate and calcium chloride, the amount of said reaction product ranging from about 0.25% to about 10%, calculated as S102 and based on the weight of the pigment before treatment.

21. A pigment of improved hiding power comprising lithopone intimately associated with the precipitated reaction product of sodium silicate and aluminum sulfate, the amount of said reaction product ranging from about 0.25% to about 10%, calculated as SiOz and based on the weight treatment.

MARION L. HANAHAN. 

